Publications

 

2024

 

 


 

Temperature and nutrition do not interact to shape the evolution of metabolic rate. 

Alton, L.A., Kutz, T., Bywater, C.L., Lombardi, E., Cockerell, F.E., Layh, S., Winwood-Smith H., Arnold, P.A., Beaman, J.E., Walter, G.M., Monro, K., Mirth, C.K., Sgrò, C.M., White, C.R. 2024.Temperature and nutrition do not interact to shape the evolution of metabolic rate. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. Doi:10.1098/rstb.2022.0484

 

2023

 

Biosynthetic constraints on amino acid synthesis at the base of the food chain may determine their use in higher-order consumer genomes.

Gómez Ortega, J., Raubenheimer, D., Tyagi, S., Mirth, C.K., Piper, M.D.W. 2023. Biosynthetic constraints on amino acid synthesis at the base of the food chain may determine their use in higher-order consumer genomes. PLoS Genetics 19(2): e1010635. Doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1010635

 


 

Drosophila melanogaster females prioritise dietary sterols for producing viable eggs.

Zanco, B., Rapley, L., Johnstone, J.N., Dedman, A., Mirth, C.K., Sgrò, C.M.,  Matthew D.W. Piper, M.D.W. 2023. Drosophila melanogaster females prioritise dietary sterols for producing viable eggs. Journal of Insect Physiology. Doi:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2022.104472

 


 

Within-population variation in body size plasticity in response to combined nutritional and thermal stress is partially independent from variation in development time.

Chakraborty, A., Walter, G.M., Monro, K., Alves, A.N., Mirth, C.K., & Sgrò, C.M. 2023. Within-population variation in body size plasticity in response to combined nutritional and thermal stress is partially independent from variation in development time. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 00, 1– 16. Doi:10.1111/jeb.14099

 


 

Ageing impairs protein leveraging in a sex-specific manner in Drosophila melanogaster.

Rushby, H.J.,  Andrews, Z.B, Piper, M.D.W., Mirth, C.K. 2023. Ageing impairs protein leveraging in a sex-specific manner in Drosophila melanogaster. Animal Behaviour 195, 43-51. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2022.10.013

 


 

2022

 

Restricting a single amino acid cross-protects D. melanogaster from nicotine poisoning through mTORC1 and GCN2 signalling.

Fulton, T.L., Mirth, C.K., Piper, M.D.W. 2022. Restricting a single amino acid cross-protects D. melanogaster from nicotine poisoning through mTORC1 and GCN2 signalling. Open Biology 12. Doi:10.1098/rsob.220319

 


 

Rethinking the ecdysteroid source during Drosophila pupal–adult development.

Scanlan, J.L., Robin, C., Mirth, C.K. 2022. Rethinking the ecdysteroid source during Drosophila pupal–adult development. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 103891. doi:10.1016/j.ibmb.2022.103891

 


 

Nutrigonometry I: using right-angle triangles to quantify nutritional trade-offs in performance landscapes. 

Morimoto, J., Conceição, P., Mirth, C., Lihoreau, M. 2022. Nutrigonometry I: using right-angle triangles to quantify nutritional trade-offs in performance landscapes. The American Naturalist. Doi:10.1086/723599

 


 

When does diet matter? The roles of larval and adult nutrition in regulating adult size traits.

Poças, G.M., Crosbie, A.E. & Mirth, C.K. 2022. When does diet matter? The roles of larval and adult nutrition in regulating adult size traits. Journal of Insect Physiology 139, 104051. Doi:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2020.104051

 


 

Amino acid quality modifies the quantitative availability of protein for reproduction in Drosophila melanogaster.

Ma, C., Mirth, C.K., Hall, M.D. & Piper, M.D.W. 2022. Amino acid quality modifies the quantitative availability of protein for reproduction in Drosophila melanogaster. Journal of Insect Physiology. Doi:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2020.104050

 


 

An integrative approach to dietary balance across the life course.

Raubenheimer, D., Senior, A.M., Mirth, C.K., Cui, Z., Hou, R., Le Couteur, D.G., Solon-Biet, S.M., Léopold, P., Simpson, S.J. 2022. An integrative approach to dietary balance across the life course. ISCIENCE doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.104315

 


 

Genetic variation of macronutrient tolerance in Drosophila melanogaster.

Francis, D., Hasygar, K., Liu, Y., Alton, L.A., Johnstone, J., Needham, E.J., Pulpitel, T., Clark, T., Niranjan, H.N., Shang, V., Tong, V., Jiwnani, N., Audia, G., Alves, A.N., Sylow, L., Mirth, C., Neely, G.G., Yang, J., Hietakangas, V., Simpson S.J., Senior A.M. 2022. Genetic variation of macronutrient tolerance in Drosophila melanogaster. Nature Communications 13, 1637. Doi:10.1038/s41467-022-29183-x

 


 

Ecdysone coordinates plastic growth with robust pattern in the developing wing.

Alves, A.N., Oliveira, M.M.,  Koyama, T.,  Shingleton, A., Mirth, C.K. 2022. Ecdysone coordinates plastic growth with robust pattern in the developing wing. eLife 11, e72666. Doi:10.7554/eLife.72666

 


 

Target of Rapamycin Drives Unequal Responses to Essential Amino Acid Depletion for Egg Laying in Drosophila Melanogaster.

Alves, A.N., Sgrò, C.M., Piper, M.D.W., Mirth, C.K. 2022. Target of Rapamycin Drives Unequal Responses to Essential Amino Acid Depletion for Egg Laying in Drosophila Melanogaster. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology 10:822685. Doi: 10.3389/fcell.2022.822685

 


 

Dietary restriction and lifespan: adaptive reallocation or somatic sacrifice?

Piper, M.D.W., Zanco, B., Sgrò, C.M., Adler, M.I., Mirth, C.K. and Bonduriansky, R. 2022. Dietary restriction and lifespan: adaptive reallocation or somatic sacrifice? FEBS Journal. Doi:10.1111/febs.16463

 


 

Maintaining robust size across environmental conditions through plastic brain growth dynamics.

Cobham, A.E.,  Neumann, B., Mirth, C.K. 2022.  Maintaining robust size across environmental conditions through plastic brain growth dynamics. Open Biology 12 (9), 220037. doi:10.1098/rsob.220037

 


 

Evaluating old truths: Final adult size in holometabolous insects is set by the end of larval development.

Hanna, L., Lamouret,  T., Poças, G.M., Mirth, C.K.,  Moczek, A.P., Nijhout, F.H., Abouheif, E. 2022. Evaluating old truths: Final adult size in holometabolous insects is set by the end of larval development. Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution. Doi:10.1002/jez.b.23165

 


 

2021

The proximate sources of genetic variation in body size plasticity: the relative contributions of feeding behaviour and development in Drosophila melanogaster.

Chakraborty, A, Sgrò, C.M., Mirth, C.K. 2021. The proximate sources of genetic variation in body size plasticity: the relative contributions of feeding behaviour and development in Drosophila melanogaster. Journal of Insect Physiology. Doi:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104321

 


 

The Number of Larval Molts Is Controlled by Hox in Caterpillars.

Daimon, T., Koyama, T., Yamamoto, G., Sezutsu, H., Mirth, C.K., Shinoda, T. 2021. The Number of Larval Molts Is Controlled by Hox in Caterpillars. Current Biology. Doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.11.017

 


 

 


 

Ecdysone Quantification from Whole Body Samples of Drosophila melanogaster Larvae.

Koyama, T. and Mirth, C.K. 2021. Ecdysone Quantification from Whole Body Samples of Drosophila melanogaster Larvae. Bio-protocol 11(3): e3915. doi: 10.21769/BioProtoc.3915.

 


 

A dietary sterol trade-off determines lifespan responses to dietary restriction in Drosophila melanogaster females.

Zanco, B., Mirth, C.K., Sgrò, C.M., Piper, M.D.W. 2021. A dietary sterol trade-off determines lifespan responses to dietary restriction in Drosophila melanogaster females. eLife 10:e62335. Doi:10.7554/eLife.62335

 


 

Growing Up in a Changing World: Environmental Regulation of Development in Insects

Mirth, C.K., Saunders, T.E., Amourda, C. 2021. Growing Up in a Changing World: Environmental Regulation of Development in Insects. Annual Review of Entomology 66. Doi:10.1146/annurev-ento-041620-083838

 


 

Restricting a single amino acid cross-protects D. melanogaster from nicotine poisoning through mTORC1 and GCN2 signalling.

Fulton, T.L., Mirth, C.K., Piper, M.D.W. 2021. Restricting a single amino acid cross-protects D. melanogaster from nicotine poisoning through mTORC1 and GCN2 signalling. bioRxiv; Doi: 10.1101/2021.11.03.467051

 


 

The Biosynthetic Costs of Amino Acids at the Base of the Food Chain Determine Their Use in Higher-order Consumer Genomes.

Ortega, J.G., Tyagi, S., Mirth, C.K., Piper, M.D.W. 2021. The Biosynthetic Costs of Amino Acids at the Base of the Food Chain Determine Their Use in Higher-order Consumer Genomes. bioRxiv; 2021. Doi: 10.1101/2021.11.03.467059

 


 

2020

 

The development of body and organ shape.

Cobham, A.E., Mirth, C.K. 2020. The development of body and organ shape. BMC Zoology 5, pp 14. Doi:10.1186/s40850-020-00063-5

 


 

Developmental nutrition modulates metabolic responses to projected climate change.

Alton, L.A., Kutz, T.C., Bywater, C.L., Beaman, J.E., Arnold, P.A., Mirth, C.K., Sgrò, C.M. and White, C.R. 2020. Developmental nutrition modulates metabolic responses to projected climate change. Functional Ecology. doi:10.1111/1365-2435.13663

 


 

Does local adaptation along a latitudinal cline shape plastic response to combined thermal and nutritional stress?

Chakraborty, A., Sgrò, C.M. and Mirth, C.K. 2020. Does local adaptation along a latitudinal cline shape plastic response to combined thermal and nutritional stress? Evolution. doi:10.1111/evo.14065

 


 

A New Role for Neuropeptide F Signaling in Controlling Developmental Timing and Body Size in Drosophila melanogaster.

Kannangara, J.R., Henstridge, M.A., Parsons, L.M., Kondo, S., Mirth C.K. and Warr, C.G. 2020. A New Role for Neuropeptide F Signaling in Controlling Developmental Timing and Body Size in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics. Doi:10.1534/genetics.120.303475

 


 

Quantification of Macronutrients Intake in a Thermogenetic Neuronal Screen using Drosophila Larvae.

Poças, G.M., Domingos, P.M., Mirth, C.K. 2020. Quantification of Macronutrients Intake in a Thermogenetic Neuronal Screen using Drosophila Larvae. Journal of Visualized Experiments. Doi:10.3791/61323

 


 

2019

Interacting with change: diet mediates how larvae respond to their thermal environment.

Kutz, T.C., Sgrò, C.M. & Mirth, C.K. 2019. Interacting with change: diet mediates how larvae respond to their thermal environment. Functional Ecology 33, 1940-1951. Doi:10.1111/1365-2435.13414

 


 

Disruption of mitochondrial dynamics affects behaviour and lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Byrne, J.J., Soh, M.S., Chandhok, G., Vijayaraghavan, T., Teoh, J.S., Crawford, S., Cobham, A.E., Yapa, N.M.B., Mirth, C.K. & Neumann, B. 2019. Disruption of mitochondrial dynamics affects behaviour and lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 76, pp 1967-1985. Doi:10.1007/s00018-019-03024-5

 


 

Coordinating Development: How Do Animals Integrate Plastic and Robust Developmental Processes?

Mirth, C.K. and Shingleton, A.W. 2019. Coordinating Development: How Do Animals Integrate Plastic and Robust DevelopmentalProcesses? Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00008

 


 

Turning Food Into Eggs: insights from nutritional biology and developmental physiology of Drosophila.

Mirth, C.K., Alves, A.N., Piper, M.D.W. 2019. Turning Food Into Eggs: insights from nutritional biology and developmental physiology of Drosophila. Current Opinion in Insect Science 31, pp 49-57. doi:10.1016/j.cois.2018.08.006.

 


 

2018

Unravelling the diversity of mechanisms through which nutrition regulates body size in insects.

Koyama, .T., Mirth. C.K. 2018. Unravelling the diversity of mechanisms through which nutrition regulates body size in insects. Current Opinion in Insect Science 25, pp 1-8. Doi:10.1016/j.cois.2017.11.002

 


 

Torso-Like Is a Component of the Hemolymph and Regulates the Insulin Signalling Pathway in Drosophila

Henstridge, M.A., Aulsebrook, L., Koyama,T., Johnson, T.K., Whisstock, J.C., Tiganis, T., Mirth, C.K., Warr, C.G. 2018. Torso-Like Is a Component of the Hemolymph and Regulates the Insulin Signalling Pathway in Drosophila. Genetics. Doi: 10.1534/genetics.117.300601

 


 

2017

The sex-specific effects of diet quality versus quantity on size and shape in Drosophila melanogaster.

Shingleton, A.W., Masandika, J., Thorsen, L., Zhu, Y., Mirth, C.K. 2017. The sex-specific effects of diet quality versus quantity on size and shape in Drosophila melanogaster. Royal Society Open Science 4, 170375. doi:10.1098/rsos.170375

 


 

The Ol1mpiad – Behavioural faculties of stage 1 Drosophila larvae.

Almeida-Carvalho MJ, Berh D, Braun A, Chen Y-C, Eichler K, Eschbach C, Fritsch PMJ, Gerber B, Hoyer N, Jiang X, Kleber J, Klaembt C, Koenig C, Louis M, Michels B, Miroschnikow A, Mirth CK, Miura D, Niewalda T, Otto N, Paisios E, Pankratz MJ, Petersen M, Ramsperger N, Risse B, Saumweber T, Schlegel P, Schleyer M, Soba P, Sprecher SG, Tanimura T, Thum AS, Toshima N, Truman JW, Yarali A & Zlatic M (2017) The Ol1mpiad- Behavioural faculties of stage 1 Drosophila larvae. Journal of Experimental Biology 220, 2452-2475. doi:10.1242/jeb.156646

 


 

Matching complex dietary landscapes with the signalling pathways that regulate life history traits.

Mirth, C., and Piper, M. 2017. Matching complex dietary landscapes with the signalling pathways that regulate life history traits. Current Opinion in Genetics & Development 47, 9–16. doi: 10.1016/j.gde.2017.08.001

 


 

Adaptation to new nutritional environments: larval performance, foraging decisions, and adult oviposition choices in Drosophila suzukii.

Silva-Soares, N.F, Nogueira-Alves,A., Beldade, P., Mirth, C.K. 2017. Adaptation to new nutritional environments: larval performance, foraging decisions, and adult oviposition choices in Drosophila suzukii. BMC Ecology. doi: 10.1186/s12898-017-0131-2

 


 

Food intake and food choice are altered by the developmental transition at critical weight in Drosophila melanogaster.

Carvalho, M.J.A., Mirth, C.K. (2017) Food intake and food choice are altered by the developmental transition at critical weight in Drosophila melanogaster. Animal Behaviour 126, pp 195–208. doi: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.02.005

 


 

2016

COIS coverAllometry and size control: What can studies of body size regulation teach us about the evolution of morphological scaling relationships?

Mirth, C.K., Frankino, W.A. & Shingleton, A.W. (2016) Allometry and size control: What can studies of body size regulation teach us about the evolution of morphological scaling relationships? Current Opinion in Insect Science 13, 93-98. Doi: 10.1016/j.cois.2016.02.010

 


 

PLOS biology coverGrowth blocking peptides as nutrition-sensitive signals for insulin secretion and body size regulation.

Koyama, T. & Mirth, C.K. (2016) Growth blocking peptides as nutrition-sensitive signals for insulin secretion and body size regulation. PLoS Biology 14, e1002392. Doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002392

 


 

Genetics 202 coverStage-specific plasticity in ovary size is regulated by insulin/insulin-like growth factor and ecdysone signalling in Drosophila.

Mendes, C.M. & Mirth, C.K. (2016) Stage-specific plasticity in ovary size is regulated by insulin/insulin-like growth factor and ecdysone signalling in Drosophila. Genetics 202, 703-719.Doi:10.1534/genetics.115.179960

 


 

2015

Journal of Insect Physiology - coverDifferences in larval nutritional requirements and female oviposition preference reflect the order of fruit colonization of Zaprionus indianus and Drosophila simulans.

Matavelli, C., Carvalho, M.J.A., Martins, N.E. & Mirth, C.K. (2015) Differences in larval nutritional requirements and female oviposition preference reflect the order of fruit colonization of Zaprionus indianus and Drosophila simulans. Journal of Insect Physiology 82, 66-74. Doi:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2015.09.003

 


 

SR-nature--The steroid hormone ecdysone promotes growth of imaginal discs in Drosophila melanogaster.

Herboso, L., Oliveira, M.M., Talamillo, A., Pérez, C., González, M., Martín, D., Sutherland, J.D., Shingleton, A.W.,Mirth, C.K., & Barrio, R. (2015). The steroid hormone ecdysone promotes growth of imaginal discs in Drosophila melanogaster. Scientific Reports 5, 12383.  doi:10.1038/srep12383

 


 

Journal of Insect Physiology - coverDrosophila melanogaster larvae make nutritional choices that minimize developmental time.

Rodrigues, M.A., Martins, N.E., Balancé, L.F., Broom, L.N., Dias, A.J.S., Fernandes, A.S.D., Rodrigues, F., Sucena, É., & Mirth, C.K. (2015). Drosophila melanogaster larvae make nutritional choices that minimize developmental time. Journal of Insect Physiology 81, 69-80. doi:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2015.07.002

 


 

frontiers E and E - CoverCoordinating morphology with behaviour during development: an integrative approach from a fly perspective.

Carvalho, M.J.A. & Mirth, C.K. (2015). Coordinating morphology with behaviour during development: an integrative approach from a fly perspective. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 3, 5. doi: 10.3389/fevo.2015.00005

 


 

2014

elife coverNutrition regulates body size through FoxO-Ultraspiracle mediated ecdysone biosynthesis.

Koyama, T., Rodrigues, M.A., Athanasiadis, A., Shingleton, A.W., & Mirth, C.K. (2014). Nutrition regulates body size through FoxO-Ultraspiracle mediated ecdysone biosynthesis. eLife 3, e03091. doi: 10.7554/eLife.03091

 


 

PLOS genetics

The POU Factor Ventral Veins Lacking/Drifter Directs the Timing of Metamorphosis through Ecdysteroid and Juvenile Hormone Signaling.

Cheng, C., Ko, A., Chaieb, L., Koyama, T., Sarwar, P., Mirth, C.K., et al. (2014) The POU Factor Ventral Veins Lacking/Drifter Directs the Timing of Metamorphosis through Ecdysteroid and Juvenile Hormone Signaling. PLoS Genet 10(6): e1004425. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004425

 


 

PLOS geneticsCoordination of Wing and Whole-Body Development at Developmental Milestones Ensures Robustness against Environmental and Physiological Perturbations.

Oliveira, M.M., Shingleton, A.W., Mirth, C.K. (2014) Coordination of Wing and Whole-Body Development at Developmental Milestones Ensures Robustness against Environmental and Physiological Perturbations. PLoS Genet 10(6): e1004408. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004408

 


 

Communicative and Integrative Bilogy - CoverThe roles of juvenile hormone, insulin/target of rapamycin, and ecydsone signaling in regulating body size in Drosophila

Mirth, C.K., Shingleton, A.W. (2014). The roles of juvenile hormone, insulin/target of rapamycin, and ecydsone signaling in regulating body size in Drosophila. Communicative and Integrative Biology 7, e29240. doi: 10.4161/cib.29240

 


 

PNAS 19Juvenile hormone controls body size and perturbs insulin signaling in Drosophila.

Mirth, C.K., Tang, H.Y., Makohon-Moore, S.C., Salhadar, S., Gokhale, R.H., Warner, R.D., Koyama, T., Riddiford, L.M., Shingleton, A.W. (2014). Juvenile hormone controls body size and perturbs insulin signaling in Drosophila. P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 111, 7018-7023. doi:10.1073/pnas.1313058111 

 


 


WIREs - cover
The developmental control of size in insects.

Nijhout, H.J., Riddiford, L.M., Mirth, C.K., Shingleton, A.W., Suzuki, Y., & Callier, V. (2014). The developmental control of size in insects. WIREs Developmental Biology 3, 113-134. doi: 10.1002/wdev.124

 


 

2013 – 2000

Frontiers in Physiology coverMechanisms regulating nutrition-dependent developmental plasticity through organ-specific effects in insects.

Koyama, T., Mendes, C.C. & Mirth, C.K. (2013) Mechanisms regulating nutrition-dependent developmental plasticity through organ-specific effects in insects. Frontiers in Physiology 4, 263. Doi: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00263

 


 

Frontiers in Endocrinology CoverIntegrating body and organ size in Drosophila: recent advances and outstanding problems.

Mirth, C.K. & Shingleton, A.W. (2012) Integrating body and organ size in Drosophila: recent advances and outstanding problems. Frontiers in Experimental Endocrinology 3, 49. Doi: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00049

 


 

Development 137 coverA role for Juvenile Hormone in the prepupal development of Drosophila melanogaster.

Riddiford, L.M., Truman, J.W., Mirth, C.K. & Shen, Y. (2010) A role for Juvenile Hormone in the prepupal development of Drosophila melanogaster. Development 137, 1117-1126. Doi:10.1242/dev.037218

 


 

Develop 14The Ecdysone Receptor controls the post-critical weight switch to nutrition-independent differentiation in Drosophila wing discs.

Mirth, C.K., Truman, J.W. & Riddiford, L.M. (2009) The Ecdysone Receptor controls the post-critical weight switch to nutrition-independent differentiation in Drosophila wing discs. Development 136, 2345-2353. Doi:10.1242/dev.032672

 


 

RSB1645.coverDevelopmental model of static allometry in holometabolous insects.

Shingleton, A.W., Mirth, C.K. & Bates, P.W (2008) Developmental model of static allometry in holometabolous insects. Proceedings of the Royal Society Series B 275, 1875-1885. Doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.0227

 


 

BioEssays 29 coverSize assessment and growth control: how adult size is determined in insects.

Mirth, C.K. & Riddiford, L.M. (2007) Size assessment and growth control: how adult size is determined in insects. BioEssays 29, 344-355. Doi:10.1002/bies.20552

 


 

Curent Biology coverThe role of the prothoracic gland in determining critical weight for metamorphosis in Drosophila melanogaster.

Mirth, C.K., Truman, J.W. & Riddiford, L.M. (2005) The role of the prothoracic gland in determining critical weight for metamorphosis in Drosophila melanogaster. Current Biology 15, 1796-1807. Doi:10.1016/j.cub.2005.09.017

 


 

Developmental Bio 278Ecdysteroid control of metamorphosis in the differentiating adult leg structures of Drosophila melanogaster.

Mirth, C.K. (2005) Ecdysteroid control of metamorphosis in the differentiating adult leg structures of Drosophila melanogaster. Developmental Biology 278, 163-174. Doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.10.026

 


 

Developmental Biology 246 coverJoint development in the Drosophila leg: cell movements and cell populations.

Mirth, C.K. & Akam, M.E. (2002) Joint development in the Drosophila leg: cell movements and cell populations. Developmental Biology 246, 391-406. Doi:10.1006/dbio.2002.0593

 


 

Evolutionary Biology 13 coverIntrogressive hybridization between two species of water striders (Hemiptera: Gerridae: Limnoporus): geographic structure and temporal change of a hybrid zone.

Klingenberg, C.P., Spence, J.R. & Mirth, C.K. (2000) Introgressive hybridization between two species of water striders (Hemiptera: Gerridae: Limnoporus): geographic structure and temporal change of a hybrid zone. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 13, 756-765. Doi:10.1046/j.1420-9101.2000.00224.x